What does firmware refer to in the context of embedded systems?

Firmware in the context of embedded systems refers to the software that provides low-level control for a device's specific hardware. It is typically programmed into read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory, which makes it persistent and not lost when the device is powered down. This type of software is crucial because it is specifically tailored to the hardware it runs on, enabling the device to perform its intended function effectively.

The permanence of firmware is key; it is not designed to be altered frequently or be easily modified like regular software. Instead, it usually requires special tools or processes to update. This distinguishes it from temporary software that updates regularly, which would not be described as firmware. Since firmware is essential for managing hardware functionality, a clear understanding of its role in embedded systems is important for anyone studying computer science.